The French government has narrowly escaped a no-confidence vote, triggered by its push to raise the pension age to 64.
It sparked new anti-government protests in Paris, where 101 people were arrested after clashes with police.
The proposed vote by centrist MPs carried 278 votes in favour, short of the 287 required.
If it had succeeded, President Emmanuel Macron would have had to name a new government or call new elections.
A second no-confidence motion, tabled by Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally party, also failed to pass.
Now that both votes have failed, the controversial bill to raise the retirement age from 62 to 64 will become law.
The vote was held after Prime Minister Elizabeth Bourne used a special constitutional power called Article 49:3 to push the bill forward without a vote last week.
It sparked angry protests over the weekend, with some protesters clashing with police and blocking roads by setting fire to rubble in central Paris as well as cities across the country.
Monday’s failed vote saw fresh protests in the capital, with tense standoffs between protesters and riot police.
The first movement, supported by several left-wing parties including the Green Party and the Socialist Party, was the only one likely to succeed.
When that vote failed, members of the left wing who voted in favor held up placards that read “Carry on” and “We’ll meet on the streets” and shouted that the Prime Minister should resign.
“Nothing is resolved, we will continue to do everything we can to withdraw this reform,” said Mathilde Pinot, head of the hard-left La France Insommes parliamentary group.
Shula, a university student who came out to protest in Paris, told JEE News: “People think we have nothing to do with this topic, but we really do.”
Fellow student Marie said they were protesting “because we’ve been left out, because we’ve been ignored, because it’s a government that doesn’t care about us, it makes fun of us”.
Ahead of the vote, opposition members jeered Ms Bourne when she took to the podium for the debate, raising tensions.
The Prime Minister said the government “never went far enough” to make a compromise to pass the law.
Boris Vallaud from the Socialist Party, who supported the vote of no confidence, called on the government to “withdraw” or “submit to a vote of the French people” the pension reforms.
Mr Macron has argued that France’s aging population makes the current pension scheme unsustainable. But this is not a sentiment shared by all in Parliament.
Charles D Courson, author of the first no-confidence vote, said removing the government was “the only way to stop the social and political crisis in this country”.
However, the leader of France’s conservative Republican Party, Eric Ciotti, said last week that he would not support a no-confidence motion.
Mr Cioti said the decision to introduce the clause was “the result of years of political failures” that demonstrated a “deep crisis in our constitution”, but he did not believe a vote of no confidence was the solution. .
