Israeli police clashed with crowds of protesters overnight after parliament passed a highly controversial law to limit the powers of the Supreme Court.
The move – part of a larger reform package – would prevent the court from striking down government measures it deems unreasonable.
Police in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv used water cannons to disperse protesters blocking highways.
Critics say the hard-right government’s reforms threaten Israeli democracy.
Monday’s Knesset (parliament) vote was a major victory for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu after months of mass street protests over judicial reforms.
But the war is not over. This can last for months.
A political watchdog group and centrist opposition leader Yair Lapid plan to petition the Supreme Court to overturn the new law.
Additionally, Israel’s Histadrut trade union confederation has threatened a general strike and thousands of military reservists, including air force pilots, have pledged not to report for duty if the law is allowed to stand.
For a country that prides itself on its ability to respond quickly to any threat, the fact that Israel’s security could be compromised is a real concern.
Mr Netanyahu has insisted that the law is necessary for the government to “implement policy in accordance with the decision of the majority of the country’s citizens”.
But he said he was open to resuming talks with the opposition, even as late as November, to find a comprehensive deal.
The planned reforms have sparked the largest protests in Israel’s history. At least 22 people were arrested on Monday, police said.
Opponents fear the changes could undermine the country’s democratic system and turn it into an authoritarian zone.
They fear that Netanyahu’s allied nationalist and ultra-Orthodox religious parties will be able to shape policy with unchecked power.
But the government maintains that the reforms are necessary to address the power imbalance that has seen the courts interfere in political decisions.
The so-called “reasonableness” bill was passed by 64 votes to 0 after the opposition boycotted the final vote.
The White House – a key ally of Israel – called it “unfortunate” that the law had been passed.
The vote leads to months of turmoil, with Israel’s president warning political leaders on Monday that the country is in a “state of national emergency”.
Street protests outside the Knesset continued into Monday amid the blare of drums, whistles and air horns.
A protester lying in the street told JEE News he was opposing “dictatorship”, adding that his grandfather had been a codebreaker in Britain’s famous Bletchley Park during the war against the Nazis.
Asked how long he would stay, he said: “We will never surrender”.
Another, Reut Yifat Uziel, the daughter of a paratrooper who featured in an iconic Israeli photo of the capture of the Western Wall in the 1967 Middle East war, said she feared for her children’s future.
“Netanyahu has hijacked the country and I fear it will become a theocracy,” he said.
